{"id":1018,"date":"2021-04-11T14:45:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-11T14:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kitzigs.de\/?page_id=1018"},"modified":"2022-07-20T20:14:00","modified_gmt":"2022-07-20T20:14:00","slug":"muehlbach-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.kitzigs.de\/?page_id=1018&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Muehlbach"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Mitterberg 1909-1918 <\/b><\/span>\u00a0by Frode S\u00e6land<\/em><\/h3>

1909, Knudsen took over as mining and metallurgical director at Mitterberger Kupfer Aktiengesellschaft near Salzburg in Austria. He filled the position until he retired from his professional life in 1918. The director’s post here was his last as manager. Knudsen took over as director at the request of Dr. Arthur Krupp, a major industrialist and new owner of the Mitterberg copper works. Krupp and the Kreditanstalt f\u00fcr Handel und Gewerbe in Vienna had bought Mitterberger from a bankruptcy estate, and in 1908 established the mining company Mitterberger Kupfer AG. The company immediately took measures for a comprehensive development of the company. Knudsen was to rebuild a failed plant with a view to increasing production. He had both the experience and the interest in this. His strategy was to establish large-scale operations based on electrification, as well as the industrialization of processing and metallurgy.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The new company increased its ore reserves with a view to long-term operations by buying up and opening mining rights. First and foremost, they were interested in the expansion of the copper gravel plant in Mitterberg. Under Knudsen’s leadership, the plant became the subject of extensive development, both in terms of mining, extraction and support functions.
In the mines, the operation of a bottom tunnel led to significant changes in operation. Work on the basic tunnel, which had begun in 1906, was continued and intensified. The tunnel was to connect the mines in Mitterberg with the M\u00fchlbach plant, and to allow further extraction and mining in the depth of the mines. The tunnel was crossed to the main shaft of the high-mountain pits in August 1917. The tunnel was named after Knudsen and was named Emilstollen. He was very important for the economy of the mine. It opened up new opportunities for the operation and contributed to the expansion of support; Laborious operation at the depths was eliminated, ore extraction was simplified and water drainage was improved. The tunnel also meant the end of mining operations in the high mountains, which in snowy winters encompassed high costs for ploughing snow and food. Furthermore, the production in all tunnels was mechanized by the introduction of gasoline-powered locomotives. The mining methods were changed and the use of compressed air drills was made. In 1911, American-made drilling machines were introduced, and several shafts were lowered.<\/h3>

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On 3. August 1916 the “M\u00fchlbacher Tiefbaustollen” is renamed to “EMILSTOLLEN” in honour of Knudsen.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A completely new extraction plant was built in M\u00fchlbach. The plant began operations in 1910 and was the result of the targeted and radical modernisation of the new mining and smelting director. It was located under the entrance to the Emilstollen, and received the ore directly from it. The plant was also connected to a cable car, which made the ore transport from Mitterberg more cost-effective. The extraction was made of wood, on a concrete sole, and seven floors high. Much of the machinery and equipment was the latest in modern extraction technology; powered by electricity and supplied by Friedrich Krupp AG’s Grusonwerk in Magdeburg. The plant included hardeners, electromagnetic separators and an Elmore plant with a capacity of 180-200 tons per day. The Elmore plant, just like in Sulitjelma, represented an additional step towards better utilization of by-products from the washbasins. With this concentrated, rationally organized plant, equipped with modern, adapted technology, the flow and yield of ore processing have been considerably increased.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In 1907, the cumbersome german-English method for melting copper was replaced by the Bessemer process at the aussible smelter in Ausserfelden. A fast-working Bessemer process was introduced, a method that had been significantly improved in American copper smelters. This made it much easier to melt sulfur-containing copper ore, resulting in financial gain. The Bessemer process made it possible to produce raw copper directly by blowing pig iron from the shaft furnace. Under Knudsen, the expansions of the smelter continued, especially during the First World War. In the “raw huts” the capacity of the three drum-shaped Bessemer converters was improved by the replacement of acidic for basic lining and an increased number of blow elements. The three manhole furnaces in the smelter were continuously in full operation. In the largest furnace, the pre-melting of own ore took place, while the two smaller foreign, precious metal and gravel-containing ore with oxidic ore and slag melted. In 1915, the old roasting oven was demolished, and the coarse ore has since been melted unroasted in the manhole, while the fine ores were roasted in a Dwight Lloyd apparatus, a continuous roasting table with an oven that gradually burned most of the sulfur. The refinery hut was also expanded, with three flame furnaces. But refining copper in the flame furnace was a slow and sometimes uneconomical process that did not even produce pure copper. That’s why they moved to an electrolytic refinery of copper in 1911 and installed a test facility with 80 baths. When this proved to be successful, a new plant with 352 baths was built for the electrolytic production of copper, with a production of 4000 tons per year. With these extensions and improvements, the total production of the smelter reached up to 8000 tons per year. Mitterberg Kupfer AG also built a new condensation plant in 1913 to exploit the exhaust gases from the smelter. In connection with the expansion of the smelter and the melting of foreign ore, Knudsen patented and used a new invention of great importance for the central powers. He patented a method for the production of copper and zinc oxide on the basis of brass scrap. By melting highly arsenic-containing ore and blowing recycled brass in its own Knudsen furnace or converter, copper and later zinc oxide were obtained through a filter system. This generated strategically important raw materials from melt edible waste. For this invention, Knudsen was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the First Class of the Order of Franz Joseph in 1916.\nThe prerequisite for this modernization was the expansion of accessible hydropower, which the old mine had not taken care of. Two new power plants were built in M\u00fchlbach, so that the mine was supplied with plenty of electricity for light and machine operation.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Immediately after the outbreak of the war in August 1914, all departments of Mitterberg Kupfer AG were placed under military management due to the strategic importance of copper production. The main concern of the military leadership was to increase production to the maximum. As director, Knudsen accepted the compulsory line and continued to work with modernization and expansion.\nIn the mines, an attempt was made to increase production capacity by expanding the workforce. While the experienced miners had been called up for military service, the new employees were unskilled miners. In December 1914, the company deployed 200 Russian prisoners of war to work. The number of prisoners of war rose to 450 during the war; mainly Russians and Serbs. … The use of prisoners of war initially led to an increase in production in the pits. Gradually, however, it led to reduced willingness to work among the other workers. Lack of food, general malnutrition, and poor health among workers also meant that the promotion of raw ore remained unchanged throughout the war, with the exception of 1916, although the workforce in the pits grew from 712 to 1714 men. Material shortages, overloading and neglect of safety work caused the plant to shut down. The military leadership, in its hunger for copper, stood for an overexploitation, from which the local leadership tried in vain to distance itself. As the largest copper plant in Austria, Mitterberger Kupfer became a military company in which the mine management had been deprived of any independent responsibility.\nShortly before the end of the war, mining director Rudolf Recknagel took over the management of Knudsen. Knudsen got a good certificate. Under its prudent management, Mitterberger Kupfer had undergone an unprecedented development, from a small, traditional mine to a large and modern operation.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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He had a house built based on the Norwegian model. The “director’s villa” has been preserved almost unchanged.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Music continued to play a major role in his life.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Back: Liedertafel zu M\u00fchlbach at the song festival in Hofgastein 1913<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mitterberg 1909-1918  by Frode S\u00e6land 1909, Knudsen took over as mining and metallurgical director at Mitterberger Kupfer Aktiengesellschaft near Salzburg in Austria. He filled the position until he retired from his professional life in 1918. The director’s post here was his last as manager. Knudsen took over as director at the request of Dr. Arthur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"full-screen","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"on","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"on","ocean_display_header":"off","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"on","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"off","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"on","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1018","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nMuehlbach - Kitzig<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"copper mining in M\u00fchlbach\/Austria Mitterberg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kitzigs.de\/?page_id=1018&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Muehlbach - Kitzig\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"copper mining in M\u00fchlbach\/Austria Mitterberg\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kitzigs.de\/?page_id=1018&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kitzig\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-20T20:14:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kitzigs.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Konsul-Berg-und-Huettendirektor-Emil-Knutsen_1908_1918_1-590x1024.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kitzigs.de\\\/?page_id=1018&lang=en\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kitzigs.de\\\/?page_id=1018&lang=en\",\"name\":\"Muehlbach - 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